Explain ACID properties in relational databases and how different Transaction Isolation Levels prevent concurrency anomalies.
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ACID Properties & Database Isolation Levels Atomicity: All operations succeed or all roll back. Consistency: The database transitions from one valid state to another obeying all...
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Model Answer & Deep-Dive Explanation
ACID Properties & Database Isolation Levels
Atomicity: All operations succeed or all roll back.
Consistency: The database transitions from one valid state to another obeying all schema constraints.
Isolation: Concurrent transactions execute independently without mutual interference.
Durability: Committed transactions persist across crashes via Write-Ahead Logs (WAL).
Isolation Levels and Anomalies Prevented
1. Read Uncommitted: Subject to Dirty Reads, Non-Repeatable Reads, and Phantoms.
2
Read Committed: Prevents Dirty Reads.
Read Committed: Prevents Dirty Reads.
3
Repeatable Read: Prevents Dirty and Non-Repeatable Reads.
Repeatable Read: Prevents Dirty and Non-Repeatable Reads.
4
Serializable: Complete strict serial order execution, preventing all anomalies.
Interviewer Evaluation Points & Scoring Rubric
- 1 Explain trade-offs between memory, CPU, and network latency.
- 2 Identify failure modes, boundary conditions, and scalability bottlenecks.
- 3 Discuss caching strategies, data consistency models, and recovery.
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