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Full Stack Web Development Interview Questions & Answers

Modern full-stack architectures, Node.js event loop, React performance, REST vs GraphQL, and caching strategies.

Advanced 4 views

Compare Microservices Architecture with Monolithic Architecture: Trade-offs, Scalability, and Distributed Challenges.

Monolithic Architecture: The entire software application is built as a single, unified deployable unit sharing a single codebase and database. Pros: Simple development, straightforward end-to-end test...

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Intermediate 4 views

What is Idempotency in REST APIs, and how should HTTP methods and status codes be structured?

An HTTP method is idempotent if making multiple identical requests has the same intended effect on the server state as a single request (i.e. $f(f(x)) = f(x)$). GET, HEAD, OPTIONS: Safe and idempotent...

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Intermediate 0 views

What is the difference between synchronous and asynchronous code in Node.js, and how does the Event Loop manage them?

Node.js runs on a single-threaded JavaScript execution engine (V8) paired with libuv to handle asynchronous non-blocking I/O. Synchronous Code: Executes line-by-line on the Call Stack. Heavy synchrono...

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Intermediate 0 views

How does React's Virtual DOM work and what is the Reconciliation process in React 18 Fiber?

The Virtual DOM (VDOM) is an in-memory lightweight JavaScript object representation of the real browser DOM. Directly manipulating the browser DOM is expensive because every change triggers costly sty...

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Intermediate 0 views

What is the difference between Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) and Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF), and how do you prevent each?

Cross-Site Scripting (XSS): Vulnerability: An attacker injects malicious client-side JavaScript into a web application, which executes in other users' browsers. Impact: Session token theft, keystroke ...

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Intermediate 0 views

Compare REST APIs with GraphQL: Architectural differences, advantages, trade-offs, and when to use which.

REST (Representational State Transfer): Resource-oriented architecture relying on standard HTTP verbs (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE) and fixed URL endpoints. Strong browser-level caching (HTTP 304, ETag). D...

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Intermediate 0 views

What is Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS), and when does the browser trigger a Preflight OPTIONS request?

CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing) is a browser security mechanism based on the Same-Origin Policy (SOP) . Two URLs have the same origin if they share identical protocol, domain, and port . When Jav...

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Easy 0 views

What responsibilities belong to the browser, application server, and database?

The browser presents the interface, gathers input, and can validate it for immediate feedback. The server authenticates requests, enforces authorization and business rules, and coordinates operations....

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Easy 0 views

How should client-side and server-side form validation work together?

Use client-side validation for responsive feedback and server-side validation as the authoritative check. Share clearly defined field rules where practical, but still validate request types, lengths, ...

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Medium 0 views

How would you prevent a checkout retry from creating two orders?

Accept an idempotency key representing the user’s intended checkout operation and store it with a request fingerprint and result under a uniqueness constraint. Atomically associate the key with order ...

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Medium 0 views

A page makes one database query per displayed item. What is the problem and how would you fix it?

This is often an N+1 query pattern: one query loads the list and another query loads related data for each row. Measure query counts and latency to confirm it. Fetch required relationships through an ...

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Medium 0 views

How would you add pagination to an API whose records change frequently?

Use a stable sort with a unique tie-breaker, such as created_at followed by id. Offset pagination is simple but can skip or repeat records as earlier rows change and can become expensive at large offs...

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Medium 0 views

How would you deploy a database change while old and new application versions run together?

Use an expand-and-contract sequence. First add compatible schema elements, then deploy code that tolerates both representations and backfill data in controlled batches. Verify completeness and behavio...

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