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Data Structures & Algorithms Interview Questions & Answers

Arrays, linked lists, trees, graphs, dynamic programming, and Big-O runtime analysis.

Intermediate 512 views

How to detect a cycle in a Linked List using Floyd's Cycle-Finding Algorithm?

Floyd's Cycle-Finding Algorithm (also known as the Hare and Tortoise Algorithm ) determines whether a singly linked list contains a cycle using two pointers traversing the list at different speeds. Al...

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Advanced 1 views

Explain the LRU (Least Recently Used) Cache architecture and how to implement it in O(1) time complexity.

An LRU Cache organizes items in order of use, discarding the least recently accessed item when the cache capacity is exceeded. To achieve both get(key) and put(key, value) in strictly O(1) time comple...

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Intermediate 0 views

What is the difference between BFS (Breadth-First Search) and DFS (Depth-First Search) and their space-time complexities?

Breadth-First Search (BFS): Traverses graph level-by-level using a Queue (FIFO) . It explores all direct neighbors at depth $d$ before moving to depth $d+1$. Use cases: Finding shortest path in unweig...

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Advanced 0 views

How do you design a Distributed API Rate Limiter and what algorithms are commonly employed?

A Rate Limiter protects backend services from Denial of Service (DoS) attacks, brute-force requests, and resource starvation by limiting client requests over defined time intervals. Standard Algorithm...

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Advanced 0 views

What is Dynamic Programming? Compare Memoization (Top-Down) with Tabulation (Bottom-Up) using the 0/1 Knapsack Problem.

Dynamic Programming (DP) solves complex optimization problems by breaking them down into simpler subproblems, applicable when problems exhibit: (1) Overlapping Subproblems , and (2) Optimal Substructu...

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Easy 0 views

When would you choose a hash map instead of an array for lookups?

Choose a hash map when you need to find values by arbitrary keys, such as a user identifier, without scanning the collection. With suitable hashing and load management, lookup and insertion are expect...

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Easy 0 views

How do a stack and a queue differ, and where would each be useful?

A stack removes the most recently added item first, making it useful for undo history, expression evaluation, and iterative depth-first traversal. A queue removes the oldest item first, making it usef...

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Medium 0 views

Implement binary search that returns an index or -1 in a sorted ascending array. What are its assumptions?

Maintain a search interval and discard the half that cannot contain the target after each comparison. The input must be sorted according to the same comparison rule used by the search. The example ret...

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Medium 0 views

How can you find two indices whose values sum to a target in one pass?

Keep a map from previously seen values to their indices. For each element, check whether its complement, target minus current value, has already appeared. Check before inserting so the same element ca...

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Medium 0 views

When does breadth-first search find a shortest path, and when is it the wrong choice?

Breadth-first search explores vertices by edge distance and finds shortest paths in an unweighted graph, or when every edge has the same cost. Mark vertices when enqueuing to avoid repeated work and r...

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Medium 0 views

How would you implement an LRU cache with expected constant-time get and put operations?

Combine a hash map from keys to nodes with a doubly linked list ordered by recent use. On a hit, move the node to the most-recent end; on an update, change its value and move it. On insertion at capac...

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