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Software Engineering & OOP Interview Questions & Answers

Core concepts, SOLID design principles, clean architecture, and SDLC models.

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What is the Liskov substitution principle, and why can a square-as-rectangle hierarchy violate it?

A subtype must be usable wherever its parent is expected without breaking the parent’s behavioral contract. If a mutable rectangle promises independently settable width and height, a square that chang...

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When would you use composition instead of inheritance for retry behavior?

Wrap a service with a retry component rather than making every retrying service inherit from a retry base class. The wrapper can accept a retry policy, backoff strategy, and clock, making behavior reu...

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A notification class has growing email, SMS, and push conditionals. How would you refactor it?

Identify the common send operation and introduce a notification-channel interface with separate email, SMS, and push implementations. Inject the selected channel into the application service and keep ...

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How would you evolve a public API without breaking existing clients?

First identify the documented contract and real client usage. Prefer additive changes, but check whether clients reject unknown fields or enum values. Introduce incompatible changes through an explici...

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